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ECN 6 520
Macroeconomic Analysis
Autumn Semester 2021
1 In an economy where inflation is costly and price setting firms are monopolistically competitive, national income is defined as follows:
yt = ct + πt(2) .
Goods are produced using a production function that is linear in labour:
yt = nt
where n denotes hours worked . Inflation in this model evolves according to a new Keynesian Phillips curve:
π t = βπ t+1 + [emct − 1] yt
where mct denotes the fi rm’s marginal costs and the parameter e > 1 . The marginal costs of the firm are defined as:
mct = wt
where wt is the real wage . From the household’s problem, we know that the marginal rate of substitution between leisure, 2t = 1 − nt and consumption is
U . , t
(a) What is the optimal monetary policy for this model? Carefully explain why the monetary authority needs a ‘ helping hand’ from fi scal policy to implement this policy. (50 marks)
(b) Assuming that the utility function of the household takes the following form:
Ut = ln (ct + 2t(ω))
where ω < 1, work out the effect of the ‘ helping hand’ of fi scal policy on leisure and the supply of labour . Explain why this helps to offset the effects of monopolistic competition . (50 marks)
2 An in fi nitely-lived household’s lifetime utility can be expressed as follows:
=
U0 = β t ln (ct − γnt(ω))
t=0
where ct is consumption and nt are hours worked . ω > 1 is a parameter determining the curvature of the utility function . The parameter determining the dis-utility of labour is γ . The representative household produces goods, yt , using a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) technology in hours worked and the capital stock:
1
yt = ┌ α k kt(ψ) + αn (zt nt ) ψ ┐ ψ
αk , αn and ψ are parameters of the production function . Total factor productivity (TFP), zt , evolves as follows: ln zt = ρ ln zt ← 1 + et where et is an iid shock with a zero mean . The capital stock, kt , is pre-determined in period t and evolves as follows:
kt+1 = yt − ct + (1 − δ)kt
The fi rm belongs to the household, which chooses consumption, hours and next period’s capital stock .
(a) Set up the Lagrangian function and derive the fi rst-order conditions for ct ,
nt and kt+1 . (20 marks)
(b) Use the fi rst-order conditions for ct and nt to analyse the effect of an exogenous increase in consumption (assume that household wealth has risen) on the supply of labour . (20 marks)
(c) In your own words, explain how TFP shocks (shocks to zt ) can lead to business cycles . (40 marks)
(d) Consider the fi rst-order conditions for nt and kt+1 . Under which parameter restriction is the CES production function:
yt = kt(1) ← α (zt nt ) α
equivalent to the Cobb-Douglas production function? (20 marks )
3 An infinitely-lived household ’ s lifetime utility can be expressed as follows:
=
U0 = β t ln (ct − γnt(ω))
t=0
where ct is consumption and nt are hours worked . ω > 1 is a parameter determining the curvature of the utility function . The parameter determining the dis-utility of labour is γ . The representative household faces both a budget constraint and a cash-in-advance constraint:
M t M t ← 1 1
Pt Pt 1 + π t
M t
Output is produced using a Cobb-Douglas production function:
yt = zt kt(1) ← α n t(α)
In this model, bt = denotes the real quantity of bonds purchased in period t ,
whose nominal return is it , kt+1 is the capital stock purchased this period for the use in next period’s consumption . Capital depreciates at rate δ . Mt are nominal money balances used for transactions, Pt is the price level and π t is the inflation rate between periods t and t − 1 . In the production function, kt denotes the capital stock and zt is total factor productivity.
(a) Set up the optimisation problem and derive the fi rst-order conditions for
ct , nt , kt+1 , bt and Mt . (10 marks )
(b) Show how the presence of a cash-in-advance constraint distorts the consumption-labour decision . What can monetary policy do to eliminate this distortion? (50 marks)
(c) Carefully explain what the overall effect of an increase in the nominal inter- est rate is on capital accumulation and output in this model . (40 marks)
4 A fi rm, existing for two periods, produces output using capital and labour . The firm’s production at any time i can be described by a simple production function zi ki(α)n The fi rm faces the following profit function expressed in real terms:
z1 k1(α)n 1(1) ← α +k1 − k2 +(s1 +d1 )a0 − s1 a1 − w1 n1 +
ai , si and di denote the quantity and price of shares as well as dividend payments of shares held by the fi rm in period i in real terms . n and k denote labour input and capital stock, respectively. w and z denote the real wage and total factor productivity. The fi rm has to borrow to invest in new capital stock . The amount it can borrow is constrained by the value of its stock holdings:
(k2 − k1 ) = Rs1 a1
where R < 1 is a parameter that limits investment spending to a fraction of the firm’s stock holdings .
(a) Set up the constrained optimisation problem and derive the fi rst-order con-
ditions for n1 , n2 , k2 and a1 . (10 marks )
(b) Using the first-order conditions for k2 and a1 , show that a binding borrowing constraint will reduce the capital stock in the second period . (4 5 marks)
(c) Assume that the economy is hit by a shock that reduces the second period real share price, s2 . In your own words, describe the financial accelerator mechanism that can be triggered by such a decline in asset prices . ( 45 marks)